![]() In both adults and adolescents over the age of 13 (McDowell & Newell, 1996). Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. Instruments for measuring the severity of depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. Inventory (BDI) is one of the most widely used screening Testing for disease in people without symptoms. In occupational health, the BDI-II can be used as a screening tool to detect depression in normal populations or as a tool to assess symptom severity in clinical populations.The Beck Depression Illness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A fee is required for the manual and record forms. The rights are held by Harcourt Assessment Incorporated (Pearson Education plc), under contract from the author. ![]() A coronary artery disease study ( n = 804) found the BDI-II to be a better screening tool in predicting major mood disorders. A chronic pain study ( n = 1227) reported strong agreement between the BDI-FS and BDI-II with equal ability at detecting clinical change. Key researchĪ Brazilian study ( n = 1555) measured specific aspects of depression and found that the BDI discriminated highly for depressive symptomatology. Criterion validity of the BDI-II is positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( r = 0.71) with a high 1 week test-retest reliability r = 0.93 (suggesting robustness against daily variations in mood) and an internal consistency of α = 91. High concurrent validities have been demonstrated between the questionnaire and other measures of depression such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-D, r = 0.77. Construct validity is high for the medical symptoms measured by the questionnaire, α = 0.92 for psychiatric outpatients and 0.93 for college students. Mean correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.60 have been found between clinical ratings of depression and the BDI for psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations. ValidityĬontent validity of the BDI-II has improved following item replacements and rewording to reflect DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorders. In those diagnosed with depression, scores of 0–13 indicate minimal depression, 14–19 (mild depression), 20–28 (moderate depression) and 29–63 (severe depression). In non-clinical populations, scores above 20 indicate depression. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 63. Scoring is achieved by adding the highest ratings for all 21 items. Anxiety symptoms are not assessed but affective, cognitive, somatic and vegetative symptoms are covered, reflecting the DSM-IV criteria for major depression. The BDI-II contains 21 items on a 4-point scale from 0 (symptom absent) to 3 (severe symptoms). The recall period for the BDI-II is 2 weeks for (major depressive symptoms) as operationalized in the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV). The questionnaire is commonly self-administered although initially designed to be administered by trained interviewers. Twenty-one items were consolidated from those observations and ranked 0–3 for severity. The questionnaire was developed from clinical observations of attitudes and symptoms occurring frequently in depressed psychiatric patients and infrequently in non-depressed psychiatric patients. That version contains seven self-reported items each corresponding to a major depressive symptom in the preceding 2 weeks. A shorter version of the questionnaire, the BDI Fast Screen for Medical Patients (BDI-FS), is available for primary care use. The BDI-II does not rely on any particular theory of depression and the questionnaire has been translated into several languages. ![]() It underwent revisions in 1978: the BDI-IA and 1996 and the BDI-II, both copyrighted. in 1961, it relied on the theory of negative cognitive distortions as central to depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-reporting questionnaire for evaluating the severity of depression in normal and psychiatric populations. ![]()
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